非限定动词

I非谓语的三种形式

类别结构

意义

例句

现在分词

做

采取主动，继续前进

boiling water 正在沸腾的水Do you know the girl standing over there? 你认识站在那里的那个女孩吗？

正在完成

被动，进行中

(正在进行中)

The houses being built now are for the teachers.现在正在建的那些房子是为老师而建的。

(没有)做了

采取主动，完成

(负)

Having waited for an hour, he left.等了一个小时后，他离开了。Not having received a reply, he wrote another letter.没收到回复，他又写了一封信

做完了

被动，完全

Having been told many times, he still made the same mistake. 虽然被告诉过好多次了，他仍然犯同样的错误。

过去分词

完成的

被动，完全

The story told by Tom is very interesting.汤姆讲得故事非常有趣。The houses built last year are very big.去年建的那些房子很大。

手表的状态或特征。

Devoted to helping others, he is respected.他致力于帮助别人而受到尊重。Interested in the book, he wants to buy it.他对这本书感兴趣想买下来。

不定式

去做

在未来，主动性

I have much work to do.我有很多工作要做。

待完成

将来，被动

The houses to be built next month are very big.下个月将要被建的那些房子很大。

做了

完整，活动

使用条件:

看结构是否需要；看是否表达过去或完成之意He’s said to have invented the telephone.据说他发明了电话。He is said to have been punished by his leader.据说他已经受到了他领导的惩罚。

二、本章要点

非谓语之不定式的用法。非谓语之动名词的用法。非谓语之现在分词的用法。非谓语之过去分词的用法。非谓语的时态语态。非谓语做宾语的用法。非谓语语法点分述

一.不定式to do

不定式结构作主语To see is to believe.It is better to see something once than to hear about it a hundred times.

在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行it代替主语，而把不定式后置：It’s a great pleasure to be here.It is not an easy thing to master a language.

★区分用法★

直接用不定式做主语的句子显得更加正式。如主语和表语都是to do，则只能采用第一种形式。对敌人仁慈就是对人民残忍。

如是疑问句或感叹句，则只能采用第二种形式。What is it like to be there?What a joy it was to read Barak’s book!用It is+形容词作表语时，由于逻辑主语不同导致的for和of的区别。for sb.句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如： difficult, interesting, easy, impossible等。.of sb.句型中的形容词一般为表示性格、品德、心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容 词，如：good, kind, nice, clever, foolish等。

★试试你的手★

To be fond of dancing was a certain step towards falling in love.

对他来说，学两门外语是很困难的。

你能这么说很有礼貌。

★真题测试★

It’s important _____ the piano well.

A.10 . d)【句意】让他玩

It’s wrong _____ her like that.

A.你治疗b。你治疗c。你治疗d

不定式结构作表语

主语和表语都是不定式(它们的意思往往是一个条件和另一个结果)，比如:

To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.

不定式结构作动词宾语(见表格附录)不定式结构作定语

使用

例句

及物动词to do出现在名词之后。

动宾关系

他总是有很多会议要参加。

你在会上有什么要说的吗？

主谓关系

她总是第一个来，最后一个离开。

不及物动词to do出现在带有相应介词的名词之后。

我们先找个房间住吧。/把东西放进去。

我们没什么可担心的。

?Attention?，但当前面修饰的名词是地点/时间/方式时，不及物动词的介词可以省略。

我认为最好的旅行方式是乘飞机。

我们没有地方住。

★试试你的手★

了解一个人最好的方法是和他/她生活一段时间.

你有什么可以吃的东西吗?

许多老人找不到可以安度晚年的地方.

不定式结构作状语

基本用法:不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词等。表达目的、原因、结果、条件等。

表示目的They ran over to welcome the delegates.

?Attention?

in order to do 常置于句首用来强调目的。so as to/so….as to 表示目的，不可以置于句首。

★试试你的手★

为了能够准时到达那里，我们必须现在出发

为了款待重要客人，他从英国请了管家。

他们一大早出发为了能赶上首班车。

表示结果so …as to … 如此……以至于Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time?such (…) as to … 如此……以至于I’m not such a fool as to believe that.enough to … 足以The boy is old enough to go to school.too … to … 太……以至于不能His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.only to 不料却……，结果却…… 不定式之前有时可以加上only或but only，以加强 语气I bought expensive tickets to the theatre, only to discover that the show was boring.

★试试你的手★

你说这些话只会把大家弄得更加紧张。

她太小了不能看这个暴力电影。

?Attention?:

然而，如果"但是"、"从来没有"、"只有"等词出现在"太"之前…对结构来说，它意味着是。

活到老学到老。

不定式结构作宾语补足语非谓语做宾补的用法。

结构

意义

举个例子

见+宾语+do

看到(对象)在做什么...

看见他去办公室

见+对象+做

看到(对象)在做这件事

看到他去办公室

见+对象+正在完成

看到(物体)正在被完成

看到他被狗咬了吗

见+对象+完成

看到(物体)正在被完成

看他被狗咬了

不定式to do（do）做宾补表示“要去做”。

结构

说明词

例句

动词+宾语+待办事项

要求，邀请，告诉，想要，邀请，希望，期望，乞求，请求，要求，建议，命令，强迫等。，表示规劝、请求、偏爱。

我希望你们两个都去。

老师让我们做练习一。

do 做宾补表示“全过程”。

动词+宾语+do(省略to)

一种“感觉”:感觉

两个“听”:听/听

三个“使者”:拥有/制造/出租

四个“看”:看/观察/注意/发现

我看见我女儿走进教室，坐在椅子上，打开她的英语书，开始读第15章。

二，动名词做什么

动名词结构作主语动名词做主语通常位于句首。Seeing is believing.Not finishing school can affect your whole life.将 it放句首做形式主语，把动名词置于句末的常用结构。

做某事是浪费时间/没有好处/没有任何好处/没用/没用。

It is no use talking to him again.It is no good (your) refusing to do it.

★试试你的手★

________ is an important decision in a person’s life. （结婚）________ is against the law. （酒后驾车）_________ relaxes me at the end of the day.（听古典音乐）跟他聊天就是浪费时间。

动名词结构作表语My job is teaching English.

★试试你的手★

他们的工作是为残疾人制造轮椅。

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _残疾人轮椅。

★区分用法★

作为主题

意义

例句

不定式to do

一次性特定操作

有一个具体的动作执行者。

说谎是错误的。

住在北京是汤姆最大的愿望。

动名词做什么

抽象行为没有特定的执行者。

撒谎是不对的。

游泳是很好的锻炼。

作为表语

意义

例句

不定式to do

一次性的、具体的、即将发生的行动

他的工作是粉刷墙壁。

动名词做什么

一般的、抽象的和频繁的动作

他的工作是粉刷墙壁。

他的工作是粉刷墙壁。(这是他的日常工作)

第三，分词(现在分词做和过去分词做)

现在分词和过去分词结构作定语分词做定语的基本含义。

分词有两种:现在分词和过去分词。能在一个句子中起作用的两个要素大致相同。

现在分词一般有主动的意思过去分词一般有被动的意思

现在分词作定语的句子(表示主动)

过去分词作定语的句子

He is an interesting man.The house standing there belongs to me.Interested members will meet at two.The house built last year is very beautiful.分词作定语的重要知识点：单独作定语，应放在被修饰的名词之前，在更多情况下，可以用分词短语作定语，这时分词短语应放在被修饰的名词之后，在意义上也相当于一个定语从句，如：现在分词：touching story / leading cadres / shining example / coming week /过去分词：skilled worker / armed forces / boiled water / steamed breadBarking dogs seldom bite.Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall.Who is the man standing (= that is standing) by the door?They built a highway leading (= which leads) into the mountains.★小试身手★写出下列短语的意思the rising sun _____________________fallen leaves _____________________faded flowers _____________________returned students _____________________retired workers _____________________the exploded bomb _____________________departed friends _____________________把分词做定语改成定语从句或者定语从句改成分词作定语They are problems left over by history.

Have you read any short stories which were written by Lu Xun?

developing countries =a city that is growing =作定语的现在分词和过去分词所表示的动作发生的时间不同表示正在进行的动作, (变为从句时要用进行时态), 如：Tell the children playing there (who are playing there) not to make so much noise.Did you see the man talking (who was talking) to the manager?表示经常性的动作, 或现在 (或当时) 的状态, (变为从句时, 用一般时态), 如：They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south.The house standing (= that stands) at the corner of the street was built in 1955.过去分词作定语时，过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，也可以是没有一定的时间性，如：The meeting held(which was held) last week is very important.He is a man loved (who is loved)by all.

?Attention?:

如果所表示的动作现在正在发生，或者与谓语所表示的动作同时发生，可以用现在从句的被动形式来表达，比如:

The meeting being held is very important.We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.(discuss)

?Attention?:

如果是将来动作，可以用不定式的被动形式表示，如:

The meeting to be held next week is very important.

★试试你的手★

Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting. (discuss)Please tell me the subjects discussed last week. (discuss)Do you know the meeting being discussed now is held by Peter? (discuss)现在分词作状语

现在分词表示主动进行，过去分词表示被动完成。

现在分词作伴随状语，表示陪衬性的动作或伴随情况，如：The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.They stood there for an hour watching the game.

?Attention?:

A.分词表示必须是主语的动作；

B.分词表示的动作和谓语表示的动作(或状态)同时发生；

C.分词表示相对次要的动作，解释谓语所表示的动作或状态；

D.大多放在谓语后面；

E.分隔部分有时可以用逗号与句子的其他部分隔开。

现在分词作原因状语，表示原因或理由，如：Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.

试着把它改成状语从句:

Because she saw nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.Because we didn’t know her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.

?Attention?

如果分词表示的动作发生在谓语表示的动作之前，应使用完整形式，如:

Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well.Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter.现在分词作时间状语（相当于 when 引导的从句），如：Turning around, she saw a police car driving up.Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.

试着把它改成状语从句:

When she turned around ,she saw a police car driving up.When they heard the news, they all jumped with joy.

?Attention?:

这里的分词表示一个很短的动作。这个动作一发生，谓词所表示的动作就立即发生。这种分词通常放在句首。如果两个动作同时发生，用when或while+分词结构，如:

Be careful when crossing the street.Don’t mention this while talking to him.现在分词作状语还可以表示结果、条件和让步，如：Working hard, you will succeed. (________)Weighing almost one hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. (________)

试着把它改成状语从句:

If you work hard, you will succeed.Although the stone weighs almost one hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone.现在分词的完成形式和被动形式

分词的完整形式主要用在状语中，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，如:

Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?过去分词作状语过去分词短语作状语，可以修饰谓语，说明动作发生的背景或情况，如：Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old.The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs.过去分词短语表示原因（相当于一个原因状语从句），如：He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey.

试着把它改成状语从句:

He soon fell asleep as/because he was exhausted by the journey.过去分词短语有时可以表示时间（相当于时间状语从句）和条件（相当于条件状语从句），如：United, we stand; divided, we fall.Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.

试着把它改成状语从句:

If we are united ,we stand; If we are divided, we fall.When/If the park is seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.

?Attention?:

过去分词短语作状语时，有时可以在前面加When、if、while、while、if等连词。这种结构可以看作是省略状语从句(省略的部分多为“各种形式的主语+be”)。需要注意的是，省略的主语必须与主句的主语相同，如:

If / When heated, water changes into steam.The girl is very shy, and never speaks until spoken to.

尝试完成它们:

If/when water is heated, it changed into steam.The girl is very shy, and never speaks until she is spoken to.

?Attention?:

在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致.过去分词在时态上强调动作已经完成，在语态上侧重于被动；而现在分词在时态上强调动作正在进行，在语态上侧重于主动。

★试试你的手★

试一试:判断下列句子中使用了哪些状语，看能否转换成相应的状语从句。

Every evening they sat on the sofa watching TV. 表________I got home, feeling very tired. 表________Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her. 表________Turning around, she saw an ambulance driving up. 表________Compared with you, we still have a long way to go. 表________

第二，非谓语的时态

1.去做

普通

继续

完成

掌握主动权

去做

正在做

做了

消极的

待完成

/

已经完成

★试试你的手★

能被邀请来做演讲是我的荣幸。

老板经过他身边时，他假装正在打电话。

他们似乎在发薪日前就花光了上个月的工资。

2.做

一般(与谓语动词同时出现)

完成(出现在谓语动词之前)

掌握主动权

做

做完了

消极的

正在完成

做完了

3.完成的

过去分词done的一般情况表示“被动，完成”，所以没有时态语态的变化。

★试试你的手★

_________(earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started to work in a local café as a waiter.The most common mistakes _________(lead) to a bad back are poor body mechanics and unhealthy habits.We teenagers often think that parents are conservative (保守的), and they know nothing about us, but honestly, we’re actually still too young ____________(know) what’s really best for us.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty _________ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight._________(wonder) how my mum could consume them so quickly, I began observing her daily routine for two weeks.The Flakes brought along a lobster (龙虾) trap in hopes of having some delicious treats, but it was lost within the first few hours after _________(attack) by a shark. “I think she would like you to have it.” _________(shock), I took it from her automatically. She smiled and walked away.__________________(endure) too many of these tragedies in the past few years, each time I learn the news I react not as a President, but as anybody else would — as a parent. And that was especially true today.He has a constant urge __________________(check) for next messages; he checks his phone every five minutes!Many researchers claim __________________(find) relationships between left-handedness and various physical and mental characteristics.The cities _________(experience) the highest annual growth in office rental rates are both in South Africa with 40 percent rate rise for Durban and 44 percent for Sandton.

回顾

中考真题：How are you feeling here? It’s quite hot. I don’t know _________ to go or stay?

A.如何何时是否在哪里

The menu has so many good things. I can’t decide ________.

A.吃什么b .怎么吃c .去哪里吃d .什么时候吃

--We can use QQ to talk with each other online.

-很好！你能给我看一下_________吗？

A.使用什么b .如何使用c .何时使用d .在哪里使用

--I don’t know ___________ with this problem. It’s too hard.

你可以向王先生求助。

A.做什么b .什么时候做c .做什么d .如何做

Could you tell me __________ the Internet?

A.如何搜索b .如何搜索c .我如何搜索d .如何搜索

--This physics problem is too difficult. Can you show me __________, George?

-当然可以。

A.解决什么问题

C.如何算出这道题

The box is too heavy for me ___________.

A.携带，搬运。

—Hello, my name is Johnson. I believe you have a room ___________ for me.

—约翰逊？哦，是的，约翰逊先生。是二楼的1201房间。

A.预订，预定

—Why are you late?

—我的自行车坏了。我有它__________。

A.修理；修理

Many students enjoy the book Harry Potter ___________ by JK Rowling.

A.写的；写的；写的

It’s very nice ________ pictures for me.

A.你画的

C.给你画画

B.让你画

D.你画画的照片

It’s a bit cold. Would you mind my ________ all the windows? Do as you like please.

A.关闭

B.将关闭

C.结束的

D.关闭

Mary and I enjoy ________ badminton.

A.去玩

B.(演奏等的)表现，风格；(乐曲)演奏

C.演奏

D.玩

Mr. Wang, I have trouble _________ the text. Remember _________ it three times at least.

A.要理解；阅读

B.理解；阅读

C.理解；读

D.要理解；读

It took my daughter 2 weeks _________ the books _______ by the author.

A.读书；书面的

B.阅读；书面的

C.读书；写作

D.阅读；写

Drivers are warned __________ when they are tired.

A.开车

B.不开车

C.不要开车

D.不要开车

Alice asked me ________ another bay for her.

A.得到

B.得到

C.得到

D.获得

Betty is often seen ________ the old man with his housework.

A.帮助

B.来帮忙

C.帮助

D.帮助

How do you feel when you visited Shanghai World Expo?

这让我非常自豪。

A.感觉

B.去感受

C.感觉

D.感觉

Shopping with me?

不好意思，我有很多衣服________。

A.去洗

B.洗过的

C.洗涤

D.要洗

- Linda, I am very thirsty.

让我们去最近的超市喝点饮料，好吗？

A.买

B.买

C.购买

D.购买

In order ________ the world a friendly place, one must show a friendly face.

A.做

B.制造

C.制作

D.制造

There goes the bell.

该上课了。让我们停止________。

A.讨论

B.交谈

C.讲话

D.不说话

The heavy snowstorm made the mountain climbers ___________ halfway.

A.停止

B.停下来

C.填料

D.停止

All the children like Mr. White very much because he often makes them __________.

A.笑

B.笑

C.笑

D.大笑

My aunt played the light music to make the baby ___________ crying.

A.停止

B.停止

C.停下来

D.停止

My sister doesn’t like the dress. She thinks it makes her __________ fat.

A.看

B.相貌

C.去看

D.看

—Is Wei Fang good at singing?

是的，她是。我们经常听到她在隔壁房间里__________。

A.唱歌

B.唱

C.唱歌

D.唱

Would you please ___________ the window? It’s too cold outside.

A.打开

B.开始

C.不公开

D.不要打开

—Bob, it’s getting cold. ___________ take a jacket with you?

好吧。爸爸。

A.为什么不

B.怎么样

C.你想

D.你最好

It’s blowing hard outside. Tell him ________ the window.

A.不公开

B.不要打开

C.不打开

D.不要打开

The headmaster told us ___________ at the Science Museum on time.

A.到达

B.到达

C.到达

D.到达

--I hope you ___________ my party next weekend.

-好吧，我__________。

A.来到；将

B.会来的；将

C.可以来；是

D.可以来；将

The woman wants her daughter ___________ English every morning.

A.阅读

B.读

C.阅读

D.读

Tom likes cars. He enjoys __________ model cars of all kinds.

A.收集

B.收集

C.收集

D.收集

My grandfather wants __________ around the world because he enjoys ___________new places.

A.旅行；看见

B.去旅行；下同样赌注

C.去旅行；看见

D.旅行；下同样赌注

Before 2008 we will finish _________ the Olympic Park.

A.建设

B.建设

C.建筑物

D.建造

The teacher told Lucy __________ too much time ___________computer games.

A.不花；在

B.不花钱；在

C.没花；(演奏等的)表现，风格；(乐曲)演奏

D.不花；(演奏等的)表现，风格；(乐曲)演奏

If everyone makes a contribution ___________ the environment, our country will become more beautiful.

A.为了保护

B.在保护

C.敬保护

D.为了保护

--This computer doesn’t work.

真的吗？我明天__________会拿到它。

A.修理

B.补救

C.修理

D.已修复

用括号中词的正确形式填空：He hit me so hard that it made me ___________ (see) stars.The professor urged me _____________ (look) through the survey more carefully.I couldn’t help _____________ (laugh) at this funny joke.I will apologize to you if you insist on it, but really don’t remember ______ (do) such a thing.I don’t feel like ___________ (eat) anything now.______ (see) from space, our earth, with water covering 70% of its surface, appears as a ‘blue planet’.Television keeps us _________ (inform) about current events and the latest developments in science and technology.I could not make myself __________ (understand) in English though I had studied English for three years.______ (practice) for so long, the football team is likely to win the World Series this year.